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Network of human nervous system comprises nodes (for example, neurons) that are connected by links (for example, synapses). The connectivity may be viewed anatomically, functionally, or electrophysiologically. These are presented in several Wikipedia articles that include Connectionism (a.k.a. Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP)), Biological neural network, Artificial neural network (a.k.a. Neural network), Computational neuroscience, as well as in several books by Ascoli, G. A. (2002),〔Ascoli, G.A. (Ed). (2002). Computational Neuroanatomy: Principles and Methods. Totowa, New Jersey: Humana Press.〕 Sterratt, D., Graham, B., Gillies, A., & Willshaw, D. (2011),〔Sterratt, D., Graham, B., Gillies, A., & Willshaw, D. Ch 9 (2011). Principles of Computational Modelling in Neuroscience, Chapter 9. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.〕 Gerstner, W., & Kistler, W. (2002),〔Gerstner, W. and Kistler, W. (2002). Spiking Neuron Models, Chapter 9. Cambridge, U. K.: Cambridge University Press.〕 and Rumelhart, J. L., McClelland, J. L., and PDP Research Group (1986)〔Rumelrhart, D., McClelland, J. L., & the PDP Research Group (1986). Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition, Volume 1: Foundations. Cambridge: The MIT Press.〕 among others. The focus of this article is a comprehensive view of modeling a neural network (technically neuronal network based on neuron model). Once an approach based on the perspective and connectivity is chosen, the models are developed at microscopic (ion and neuron), mesoscopic (functional or population), or macroscopic (system) levels. Computational modeling refers to models that are developed using computing tools. ==Introduction== The nervous system comprises networks made up of neurons and synapses connected to and controlling tissues as well as impacting human thoughts and behavior. In modeling neural networks of the nervous system one has to consider many factors. The brain and the neural network should be considered as an integrated and self-contained firmware system that includes hardware (organs), software (programs), memory (short term and long term), database (centralized and distributed), and a complex network of active elements (such as neurons, synapses, and tissues) and passive elements (such as parts of visual and auditory system) that carry information within and in-and-out of the body. Why does one want to model the brain and neural network? Although highly sophisticated computer systems have been developed and used in all walks of life, they are nowhere close to the human system in hardware and software capabilities. So, scientists have been at work to understand the human operation system and try to simulate its functionalities. In order to accomplish this, one needs to model its components and functions and validate its performance with real life. Computational models of a well simulated nervous system enable learning the nervous system and apply it to real life problem solutions. What is brain and what is neural network? Section 2.1 addresses the former question from an evolutionary perspective. The answer to the second question is based on the neural doctrine proposed by Ramon y Cajal (1894).〔Ramon y Cajol, S. (1894). Textura del Sistema Nervioso del Hombre u los Vertebrados. English translation by Swanson, N. & L. W. (1994). New York: Oxford University Press.〕 He hypothesized that the elementary biological unit is an active cell, called neuron, and the human machine is run by a vast network that connects these neurons, called neural (or neuronal) network. The neural network is integrated with the human organs to form the human machine comprising the nervous system. Innumerable number of models of various aspects of the nervous system has been developed and there are several Wikipedia articles identified above that have been generated on the subject. The purpose of this article is to present a comprehensive view of all the models and provide the reader, especially a novice, to the neuroscience, with reference to the various sources. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nervous system network models」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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